![]() TDD systems also eliminate multiple peaks and troughs in pharmacokinetic profiles as they provide prolonged release of the active with a single application. Drugs with low bioavailability or those that interact with the gastrointestinal mucosa can be administered via TDD to increase drug exposure, and thus efficacy, and reduce side effects, respectively. Apart from the obvious benefits relative to injectables of being self-administered and pain free, these systems deliver a defined dose of drug at a specific site and avoid the problem of first pass metabolism seen with some drugs following oral delivery. Topical drug delivery offers compelling advantages over conventional routes of administration. In 2015, the global market for TDD was estimated at $30.3 billion by Research Nester 1 and it is expected to reach $81.4 billion by 2024 (Grand View Research). Over the past few years a wide range of drugs, including lidocaine, methyl salicylate, hormones, nicotine and fentanyl, have been formulated into a transdermal patch form to treat various conditions. ![]()
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